Parallels PVC Quick Reference Guide ( Parallels Virtuozzo Containers )

Parallels  PVC Quick Reference                                           Santhosh Kumar R

PVC - Parallels Virtuozzo Containers                

General utilities are intended for performing day-to-day maintenance tasks
vzctl	Utility to control Containers.
vzlist	Utility to view a list of Containers existing on the Node with additional information.
vzquota	Utility to control Virtuozzo Containers disk quotas.
Licensing utilities allow you to install a new license, view the license state, generate a license request for a new license
vzlicview	Utility to display the Virtuozzo license status and parameters.
vzlicload	Utility to manage Virtuozzo licenses on the Hardware Node.
vzlicupdate	Utility to activate the Virtuozzo Containers installation, update the Virtuozzo licenses installed on the Hardware Node, or transfer the Virtuozzo license from the Source Node to the Destination Node.
Container migration tools allow to migrate Containers between Hardware Nodes or within one Hardware Node
vzmigrate	Utility for migrating Containers from one Hardware Node to another.
vzmlocal	Utility for the local cloning or moving of the Containers.
vzp2v	Utility to migrate a physical server to a Container on the Node.
vzv2p	Utility to migrate a Container to a physical server.
Container backup utilities allow to back up and restore the Container private areas, configuration files, action scripts, and quota information
vzbackup	Utility to back up Containers.
vzrestore	Utility to restore backed up Containers.
vzabackup	Utility to back up Hardware Nodes and their Containers. As distinct from vzbackup, this utility requires the Parallels Agent software for its functioning.
vzarestore	Utility to restore backed up Hardware Nodes and Containers. As distinct from vzrestore, this utility requires the Parallels Agent software for its functioning.
Template management tools allow the template creation, maintenance and installation of applications into a Container
vzpkg	Utility to manage OS and application EZ templates either inside your Containers or on the Hardware Node itself.
vzmktmpl	Utility to create OS and application EZ templates.
vzveconvert	Utility to convert Containers based on Virtuozzo standard templates to EZ template-based Containers.
vzpkgproxy	Utility to create caching proxy servers for handling OS and application EZ templates.
vzrhnproxy	Utility to create RHN proxy servers for handling the packages included in the RHEL 4 and RHEL 5 OS EZ templates.
vzpkgls	Utility to get a list of templates available on the Hardware Node and in Containers.
vzpkginfo	Utility to get the information on any template installed on the Hardware Node.
vzpkgcreat	Create a new package set from binary RPM or DEB files.
vzpkgadd	Utility to add a new template to a Container.
vzpkglink	Utility to replace real files inside a Container with symlinks to these very files on the Node.
vzpkgrm	Utility to remove a template from a Container.
vzpkgcache	Update a set of preinstalled Container archives after new template installation.
Supplementary tools perform a number of miscellaneous tasks in the Hardware Node and Container context
vzup2date	Utility to update your Virtuozzo software and templates.
vzup2date-mirror	Utility to create local mirrors of the Virtuozzo official repository.
vzfsutil	Utility for the VZFS optimization and consistency checking.
vzcache	Utility to gain extra disk space by caching the files identical in different Containers.
vzsveinstall	Utility to create the Service Container on the Hardware Node.
vzsveupgrade	Utility to update the packages inside the Service Container.
vzps	Utility working as the standard ps and top utilities, with Containerrelated functionality added.
vztop	Utility working as the standard ps and top utilities, with Containerrelated functionality added.
vzsetxinetd	Utility to switch some services between a standalone and xinetddependent modes.
vzdqcheck	Print file space current usage from quota’s point of view.
vzdqdump	Utility to dump the Container user/group quota limits and grace times from the kernel or the quota file or for loading them to a quota file.
vzdqload	Utility to dump the Container user/group quota limits and grace times from the kernel or the quota file or for loading them to a quota file.
vznetstat	Utility that prints network traffic usage statistic by Containers.
vzcpucheck	Utility for checking CPU utilization by Containers.
vzmemcheck	Utility for checking the Hardware Node and Container current memory parameters.
vzcalc	Utility to calculate resource usage by a Container.
vzcheckovr	Utility to check the current system overcommitment and safety of the total resource control settings.
vzstat	Utility to monitor the Hardware Node and Container resources consumption in real time.
vzpid	Utility that prints Container id the process belongs to.
vzsplit	Utility to generate Container configuration file sample, “splitting” the Hardware Node into equal parts.
vzcfgscale	Utility to scale the Container configuration.
vzcfgvalidate	Utility to validate Container configuration file correctness.
vzcfgconvert	Utility to convert Virtuozzo 2.0.2 Container configuration files to Virtuozzo 2.5.x format.
vzstatrep	Utility to analyze the logs collected by vzlmond and to generate statistics reports on the basis of these logs (in the text and graphical form).
vzreport	Utility to draw up a problem report and to automatically send it to the Parallels support team.
vzhwcalc	Utility to scan the main resources on any Linux server and create a file where this information will be specified.
vzveconvert	Utility to convert the Containers based on Virtuozzo standard OS templates to the EZ template-based ones.
vznetcfg	Utility to manage network devices on the Hardware Node.
vzmtemplate	Utility to migrate the installed OS and application templates from the one Hardware Node to another.
Common Terms
Hardware Node		Hardware Node (or HN) is a physical computer that hosts Containers.
Container		Containeris functionally identical to an isolated standalone server with its own IP addresses, processes, files, users, its own version, its own configuration files, its own applications, system libraries, and so on. Containers share the same Hardware Node and the same OS kernel. However, they are isolated from each other. Each Container has a unique numerical ID starting with 1.
Host Operating System		Host Operating System (or Host) is an operating system installed on the Hardware Node. It is also called Container 0 in contrast to real Containers the IDs of which start with 1.
Template		Template (or package set) is a set of original application files repackaged for mounting over Virtuozzo File System (VZFS).  There are two types of templates in Virtuozzo: OS templates which can be used to create new Containers on their basis and application templates which can be added to Containers after their creation.
PIM		Parallels Infrastructure Manager (or PIM) is a Web-based management tool designed for Host administrators.
PMC		Parallels Management Console (or PMC) is a remote management tool with a graphical user interface designed for Host administrators.
PPP		Parallels Power Panel is a Web-based management tool designed for Container owners.

WIth Regrads,

Santhosh kumar Rodda

Keywords: PVC,  Parallels Virtuozzo Containers, POA,PBA,parallels.

Linux Quick Reference CLI (command Line) most of the topics covered.

Linux Quick Reference CLI (command Line) Topics: 1.System information 2.Shutdown Restart and Logout of a system 3.Files and Directory 4.File search 5.Mounting a Filesystem 6.Disk Space 7.Users and Groups 8.Permits on Files 9.Special Attributes on files 10.Archives and compressed files 11.YUM packages tool (Fedora, RedHat and alike) 12.DEB packages (Debian, Ubuntu and like) 13.APT packages tool (Debian, Ubuntu and alike) 14.Pacman packages tool (Arch, Frugalware and alike) 15.View file content 16.Text Manipulation 17.Character set and Format file conversion 18.Filesystem Analysis 19.Format a Filesystem 20.Filesystem SWAP 21.Backup 22.CDROM 23.Networking (LAN / WiFi) 24.Microsoft Windows networks (samba) 25.IPTABLES (firewall) 26.Monitoring and debugging 27.Others useful commands System information Command Description # arch show architecture of machine(1)   [man] # cal 2007 show the timetable of 2007   [man] # cat /proc/cpuinfo show information CPU info   [man] # cat /proc/interrupts show interrupts   [man] # cat /proc/meminfo verify memory use   [man] # cat /proc/swaps show file(s) swap   [man] # cat /proc/version show version of the kernel   [man] # cat /proc/net/dev show network adpters and statistics   [man] # cat /proc/mounts show mounted file system(s)   [man] # clock -w save date changes on BIOS   [man] # date show system date   [man] # date 041217002007.00 set date and time - MonthDayhoursMinutesYear.Seconds   [man] # dmidecode -q show hardware system components - (SMBIOS / DMI)   [man] # hdparm -i /dev/hda displays the characteristics of a hard-disk   [man] # hdparm -tT /dev/sda perform test reading on a hard-disk   [man] # lspci -tv display PCI devices   [man] # lsusb -tv show USB devices   [man] # uname -m show architecture of machine(2)   [man] # uname -r show used kernel version   [man] Linux Command Line written by LinuxGuide.it (Credits)

Shutdown, Restart and Logout of a system Command Description # init 0 shutdown system(2)   [man] # logout leaving session   [man] # reboot reboot(2)   [man] # shutdown -h now shutdown system(1)   [man] # shutdown -h 16:30 & planned shutdown of the system at 16:30   [man] # shutdown -c cancel a planned shutdown of the system   [man] # shutdown -r now reboot(1)   [man] # telinit 0 shutdown system(3)   [man] Linux Command Line written by LinuxGuide.it (Credits)

Files and Directory Command Description # cd /home enter to directory '/ home'   [man] # cd .. go back one level   [man] # cd ../.. go back two levels   [man] # cd go to home directory   [man] # cd ~user1 go to home directory   [man] # cd - go to previous directory   [man] # cp file1 file2 copying a file   [man] # cp dir/* . copy all files of a directory within the current work directory   [man] # cp -a /tmp/dir1 . copy a directory within the current work directory   [man] # cp -a dir1 dir2 copy a directory   [man] # cp file file1 outputs the mime type of the file as text   [man] # iconv -l lists known encodings   [man] # iconv -f fromEncoding -t toEncoding inputFile > outputFile converting the coding of characters from one format to another   [man] # find . -maxdepth 1 -name *.jpg -print -exec convert batch resize files in the current directory and send them to a thumbnails directory (requires convert from Imagemagick)   [man] # ln -s file1 lnk1 create a symbolic link to file or directory   [man] # ln file1 lnk1 create a physical link to file or directory   [man] # ls view files of directory   [man] # ls -F view files of directory   [man] # ls -l show details of files and directory   [man] # ls -a show hidden files   [man] # ls *[0-9]* show files and directory containing numbers   [man] # lstree show files and directories in a tree starting from root(2)   [man] # mkdir dir1 create a directory called 'dir1'   [man] # mkdir dir1 dir2 create two directories simultaneously   [man] # mkdir -p /tmp/dir1/dir2 create a directory tree   [man] # mv dir1 new_dir rename / move a file or directory   [man] # pwd show the path of work directory   [man] # rm -f file1 delete file called 'file1'   [man] # rm -rf dir1 remove a directory called 'dir1' and contents recursively   [man] # rm -rf dir1 dir2 remove two directories and their contents recursively   [man] # rmdir dir1 delete directory called 'dir1'   [man] # touch -t 0712250000 file1 modify timestamp of a file or directory - (YYMMDDhhmm)   [man] # tree show files and directories in a tree starting from root(1)   [man]

File search Command Description # find / -name file1 search file and directory into root filesystem from '/'   [man] # find / -user user1 search files and directories belonging to 'user1'   [man] # find /home/user1 -name \*.bin search files with '. bin' extension within directory '/ home/user1'   [man] # find /usr/bin -type f -atime +100 search binary files are not used in the last 100 days   [man] # find /usr/bin -type f -mtime -10 search files created or changed within 10 days   [man] # find / -name *.rpm -exec chmod 755 '{}' \; search files with '.rpm' extension and modify permits   [man] # find / -xdev -name \*.rpm search files with '.rpm' extension ignoring removable partitions as cdrom, pen-drive, etc.…   [man] # locate \*.ps find files with the '.ps' extension - first run 'updatedb' command   [man] # whereis halt show location of a binary file, source or man   [man] # which halt show full path to a binary / executable   [man] Linux Command Line written by LinuxGuide.it (Credits)

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Mounting a Filesystem Command Description # fuser -km /mnt/hda2 force umount when the device is busy   [man] # mount /dev/hda2 /mnt/hda2 mount disk called hda2 - verify existence of the directory '/ mnt/hda2'   [man] # mount /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy mount a floppy disk   [man] # mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom mount a cdrom / dvdrom   [man] # mount /dev/hdc /mnt/cdrecorder mount a cdrw / dvdrom   [man] # mount /dev/hdb /mnt/cdrecorder mount a cdrw / dvdrom   [man] # mount -o loop file.iso /mnt/cdrom mount a file or iso image   [man] # mount -t vfat /dev/hda5 /mnt/hda5 mount a Windows FAT32 file system   [man] # mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/usbdisk mount a usb pen-drive or flash-drive   [man] # mount -t smbfs -o username=user,password=pass //WinClient/share /mnt/share mount a windows network share   [man] # umount /dev/hda2 unmount disk called hda2 - exit from mount point '/ mnt/hda2' first   [man] # umount -n /mnt/hda2 run umount without writing the file /etc/mtab - useful when the file is read-only or the hard disk is full   [man] Linux Command Line written by LinuxGuide.it (Credits)

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Disk Space Command Description # df -h show list of partitions mounted   [man] # dpkg-query -W -f='${Installed-Size;10}t${Package}n' | sort -k1,1n show the used space by installed deb packages, sorting by size (debian, ubuntu and alike)   [man] # du -sh dir1 estimate space used by directory 'dir1'   [man] # du -sk * | sort -rn show size of the files and directories sorted by size   [man] # ls -lSr |more show size of the files and directories ordered by size   [man] # rpm -q -a --qf '%10{SIZE}t%{NAME}n' | sort -k1,1n show the used space by rpm packages installed sorted by size (fedora, redhat and alike)   [man] Linux Command Line written by LinuxGuide.it (Credits)

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Users and Groups Command Description # chage -E 2005-12-31 user1 set deadline for user password   [man] # groupadd [group] create a new group   [man] # groupdel [group] delete a group   [man] # groupmod -n moon sun rename a group from moon to sun   [man] # grpck check correct syntax and file format of '/etc/group' and groups existence   [man] # newgrp - [group] log into a new group to change default group of newly created files   [man] # passwd change password   [man] # passwd user1 change a user password (only by root)   [man] # pwck check correct syntax and file format of '/etc/passwd' and users existence   [man] # useradd -c "User Linux" -g admin -d /home/user1 -s /bin/bash user1 create a new user "user1" belongs "admin" group   [man] # useradd user1 create a new user   [man] # userdel -r user1 delete a user ( '-r' eliminates home directory)   [man] # usermod -c "User FTP" -g system -d /ftp/user1 -s /bin/nologin user1 change user attributes as description, group and other   [man] Linux Command Line written by LinuxGuide.it (Credits)

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Permits on Files Command Description # chgrp group1 file1 change group of files   [man] # chmod ugo+rwx directory1 set permissions reading (r), write (w) and (x) access to users owner (u) group (g) and others (o)   [man] # chmod go-rwx directory1 remove permits reading (r), write (w) and (x) access to users group (g) and others (or   [man] # chmod u+s /bin/file1 set SUID bit on a binary file - the user that running that file gets same privileges as owner   [man] # chmod u-s /bin/file1 disable SUID bit on a binary file   [man] # chmod g+s /home/public set SGID bit on a directory - similar to SUID but for directory   [man] # chmod g-s /home/public disable SGID bit on a directory   [man] # chmod o+t /home/public set STIKY bit on a directory - allows files deletion only to legitimate owners   [man] # chmod o-t /home/public disable STIKY bit on a directory   [man] # chown user1 file1 change owner of a file   [man] # chown -R user1 directory1 change user owner of a directory and all the files and directories contained inside   [man] # chown user1:group1 file1 change user and group ownership of a file   [man] # find / -perm -u+s view all files on the system with SUID configured   [man] # ls -lh show permits on files   [man] # ls /tmp | pr -T5 -W$COLUMNS divide terminal into 5 columns   [man] Linux Command Line written by LinuxGuide.it (Credits)

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Special Attributes on files Command Description # chattr +a file1 allows write opening of a file only append mode   [man] # chattr +c file1 allows that a file is compressed / decompressed automatically by the kernel   [man] # chattr +d file1 makes sure that the program ignores Dump the files during backup   [man] # chattr +i file1 makes it an immutable file, which can not be removed, altered, renamed or linked   [man] # chattr +s file1 allows a file to be deleted safely   [man] # chattr +S file1 makes sure that if a file is modified changes are written in synchronous mode as with sync   [man] # chattr +u file1 allows you to recover the contents of a file even if it is canceled   [man] # lsattr show specials attributes   [man] Linux Command Line written by LinuxGuide.it (Credits)

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Archives and compressed files Command Description # bunzip2 file1.bz2 decompress a file called 'file1.bz2'   [man] # bzip2 file1 compress a file called 'file1'   [man] # gunzip file1.gz decompress a file called 'file1.gz'   [man] # gzip file1 compress a file called 'file1'   [man] # gzip -9 file1 compress with maximum compression   [man] # rar a file1.rar test_file create an archive rar called 'file1.rar'   [man] # rar a file1.rar file1 file2 dir1 compress 'file1', 'file2' and 'dir1' simultaneously   [man] # rar x file1.rar decompress rar archive   [man] # tar -cvf archive.tar file1 create a uncompressed tarball   [man] # tar -cvf archive.tar file1 file2 dir1 create an archive containing 'file1', 'file2' and 'dir1'   [man] # tar -tf archive.tar show contents of an archive   [man] # tar -xvf archive.tar extract a tarball   [man] # tar -xvf archive.tar -C /tmp extract a tarball into / tmp   [man] # tar -cvfj archive.tar.bz2 dir1 create a tarball compressed into bzip2   [man] # tar -xvfj archive.tar.bz2 decompress a compressed tar archive in bzip2   [man] # tar -cvfz archive.tar.gz dir1 create a tarball compressed into gzip   [man] # tar -xvfz archive.tar.gz decompress a compressed tar archive in gzip   [man] # unrar x file1.rar decompress rar archive   [man] # unzip file1.zip decompress a zip archive   [man] # zip file1.zip file1 create an archive compressed in zip   [man] # zip -r file1.zip file1 file2 dir1 compress in zip several files and directories simultaneously   [man] Linux Command Line written by LinuxGuide.it (Credits)

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RPM Packages ( Fedora, Red Hat and like) Command Description # rpm -ivh [package.rpm] install a rpm package   [man] # rpm -ivh --nodeeps [package.rpm] install a rpm package ignoring dependencies requests   [man] # rpm -U [package.rpm] upgrade a rpm package without changing configuration files   [man] # rpm -F [package.rpm] upgrade a rpm package only if it is already installed   [man] # rpm -e [package] remove a rpm package   [man] # rpm -qa show all rpm packages installed on the system   [man] # rpm -qa | grep httpd show all rpm packages with the name "httpd"   [man] # rpm -qi [package] obtain information on a specific package installed   [man] # rpm -qg "System Environment/Daemons" show rpm packages of a group software   [man] # rpm -ql [package] show list of files provided by a rpm package installed   [man] # rpm -qc [package] show list of configuration files provided by a rpm package installed   [man] # rpm -q [package] --whatrequires show list of dependencies required for a rpm packet   [man] # rpm -q [package] --whatprovides show capability provided by a rpm package   [man] # rpm -q [package] --scripts show scripts started during installation / removal   [man] # rpm -q [package] --changelog show history of revisions of a rpm package   [man] # rpm -qf /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf verify which rpm package belongs to a given file   [man] # rpm -qp [package.rpm] -l show list of files provided by a rpm package not yet installed   [man] # rpm --import /media/cdrom/RPM-GPG-KEY import public-key digital signature   [man] # rpm --checksig [package.rpm] verify the integrity of a rpm package   [man] # rpm -qa gpg-pubkey verify integrity of all rpm packages installed   [man] # rpm -V [package] check file size, permissions, type, owner, group, MD5 checksum and last modification   [man] # rpm -Va check all rpm packages installed on the system - use with caution   [man] # rpm -Vp [package.rpm] verify a rpm package not yet installed   [man] # rpm -ivh /usr/src/redhat/RPMS/`arch`/[package.rpm] install a package built from a rpm source   [man] # rpm2cpio [package.rpm] | cpio --extract --make-directories *bin* extract executable file from a rpm package   [man] # rpmbuild --rebuild [package.src.rpm] build a rpm package from a rpm source   [man] Linux Command Line written by LinuxGuide.it (Credits)

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YUM packages tool (Fedora, RedHat and alike) Command Description # yum -y install [package] download and install a rpm package   [man] # yum localinstall [package.rpm] That will install an RPM, and try to resolve all the dependencies for you using your repositories.   [man] # yum -y update update all rpm packages installed on the system   [man] # yum update [package] upgrade a rpm package   [man] # yum remove [package] remove a rpm package   [man] # yum list list all packages installed on the system   [man] # yum search [package] find a package on rpm repository   [man] # yum clean [package] clean up rpm cache erasing downloaded packages   [man] # yum clean headers remove all files headers that the system uses to resolve dependency   [man] # yum clean all remove from the cache packages and headers files   [man] Linux Command Line written by LinuxGuide.it (Credits)

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DEB packages (Debian, Ubuntu and like) Command Description # dpkg -i [package.deb] install / upgrade a deb package   [man] # dpkg -r [package] remove a deb package from the system   [man] # dpkg -l show all deb packages installed on the system   [man] # dpkg -l | grep httpd show all deb packages with the name "httpd"   [man] # dpkg -s [package] obtain information on a specific package installed on system   [man] # dpkg -L [package] show list of files provided by a package installed on system   [man] # dpkg --contents [package.deb] show list of files provided by a package not yet installed   [man] # dpkg -S /bin/ping verify which package belongs to a given file   [man] Linux Command Line written by LinuxGuide.it (Credits)

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APT packages tool (Debian, Ubuntu and alike) Command Description # apt-cache search [package] returns list of packages which corresponds string "searched-packages"   [man] # apt-cdrom install [package] install / upgrade a deb package from cdrom   [man] # apt-get install [package] install / upgrade a deb package   [man] # apt-get update update the package list   [man] # apt-get upgrade upgrade all of the installed packages   [man] # apt-get remove [package] remove a deb package from system   [man] # apt-get check verify correct resolution of dependencies   [man] # apt-get clean clean up cache from packages downloaded   [man] Linux Command Line written by LinuxGuide.it (Credits)

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Pacman packages tool (Arch, Frugalware and alike) Command Description # pacman -S name Install package 'name' with dependencies   [man] # pacman -R name Delete package 'name' and all files of it   [man] Linux Command Line written by LinuxGuide.it (Credits)

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View file content Command Description # cat file1 view the contents of a file starting from the first row   [man] # head -2 file1 view first two lines of a file   [man] # less file1 similar to 'more' command but which allows backward movement in the file as well as forward movement   [man] # more file1 view content of a file along   [man] # tac file1 view the contents of a file starting from the last line   [man] # tail -2 file1 view last two lines of a file   [man] # tail -f /var/log/messages view in real time what is added to a file   [man] Linux Command Line written by LinuxGuide.it (Credits)

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Text Manipulation Command Description # cat example.txt | awk 'NR%2==1' remove all even lines from example.txt   [man] # echo a b c | awk '{print $1}' view the first column of a line   [man] # echo a b c | awk '{print $1,$3}' view the first and third column of a line   [man] # cat -n file1 number row of a file   [man] # comm -1 file1 file2 compare contents of two files by deleting only unique lines from 'file1'   [man] # comm -2 file1 file2 compare contents of two files by deleting only unique lines from 'file2'   [man] # comm -3 file1 file2 compare contents of two files by deleting only the lines that appear on both files   [man] # diff file1 file2 find differences between two files   [man] # grep Aug /var/log/messages look up words "Aug" on file '/var/log/messages'   [man] # grep ^Aug /var/log/messages look up words that begin with "Aug" on file '/var/log/messages'   [man] # grep [0-9] /var/log/messages select from file '/var/log/messages' all lines that contain numbers   [man] # grep Aug -R /var/log/* search string "Aug" at directory '/var/log' and below   [man] # paste file1 file2 merging contents of two files for columns   [man] # paste -d '+' file1 file2 merging contents of two files for columns with '+' delimiter on the center   [man] # sdiff file1 file2 find differences between two files and merge interactively alike "diff"   [man] # sed 's/string1/string2/g' example.txt replace "string1" with "string2" in example.txt   [man] # sed '/^$/d' example.txt remove all blank lines from example.txt   [man] # sed '/ *#/d; /^$/d' example.txt remove comments and blank lines from example.txt   [man] # sed -e '1d' exampe.txt eliminates the first line from file example.txt   [man] # sed -n '/string1/p' view only lines that contain the word "string1"   [man] # sed -e 's/ *$//' example.txt remove empty characters at the end of each row   [man] # sed -e 's/string1//g' example.txt remove only the word "string1" from text and leave intact all   [man] # sed -n '1,5p' example.txt print from 1th to 5th row of example.txt   [man] # sed -n '5p;5q' example.txt print row number 5 of example.txt   [man] # sed -e 's/00*/0/g' example.txt replace more zeros with a single zero   [man] # sort file1 file2 sort contents of two files   [man] # sort file1 file2 | uniq sort contents of two files omitting lines repeated   [man] # sort file1 file2 | uniq -u sort contents of two files by viewing only unique line   [man] # sort file1 file2 | uniq -d sort contents of two files by viewing only duplicate line   [man] # echo 'word' | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]' convert from lower case in upper case   [man]

Character set and Format file conversion Command Description # dos2unix filedos.txt fileunix.txt convert a text file format from MSDOS to UNIX   [man] # recode ..HTML < page.txt > page.html convert a text file to html   [man] # recode -l | more show all available formats conversion   [man] # unix2dos fileunix.txt filedos.txt convert a text file format from UNIX to MSDOS   [man]

Filesystem Analysis Command Description # badblocks -v /dev/hda1 check bad blocks on disk hda1   [man] # dosfsck /dev/hda1 repair / check integrity of dos filesystems on disk hda1   [man] # e2fsck /dev/hda1 repair / check integrity of ext2 filesystem on disk hda1   [man] # e2fsck -j /dev/hda1 repair / check integrity of ext3 filesystem on disk hda1   [man] # fsck /dev/hda1 repair / check integrity of linux filesystem on disk hda1   [man] # fsck.ext2 /dev/hda1 repair / check integrity of ext2 filesystem on disk hda1   [man] # fsck.ext3 /dev/hda1 repair / check integrity of ext3 filesystem on disk hda1   [man] # fsck.vfat /dev/hda1 repair / check integrity of fat filesystem on disk hda1   [man] # fsck.msdos /dev/hda1 repair / check integrity of dos filesystem on disk hda1   [man]

Format a Filesystem Command Description # fdformat -n /dev/fd0 format a floppy disk   [man] # mke2fs /dev/hda1 create a filesystem type linux ext2 on hda1 partition   [man] # mke2fs -j /dev/hda1 create a filesystem type linux ext3 (journal) on hda1 partition   [man] # mkfs /dev/hda1 create a filesystem type linux on hda1 partition   [man] # mkfs -t vfat 32 -F /dev/hda1 create a FAT32 filesystem   [man] # mkswap /dev/hda3 create a swap filesystem   [man]

Filesystem SWAP Command Description # mkswap /dev/hda3 create a swap filesystem   [man] # swapon /dev/hda3 activating a new swap partition   [man] # swapon /dev/hda2 /dev/hdb3 activate two swap partitions   [man]

Backup Command Description # find /var/log -name '*.log' | tar cv --files-from=- | bzip2 > log.tar.bz2 find all files with '.log' extention and make an bzip archive   [man] # find /home/user1 -name '*.txt' | xargs cp -av --target-directory=/home/backup/ --parents find and copy all files with '.txt' extention from a directory to another   [man] # dd bs=1M if=/dev/hda | gzip | ssh user@ip_addr 'dd of=hda.gz' make a backup of a local hard disk on remote host via ssh   [man] # dd if=/dev/sda of=/tmp/file1 backup content of the harddrive to a file   [man] # dd if=/dev/hda of=/dev/fd0 bs=512 count=1 make a copy of MBR (Master Boot Record) to floppy   [man] # dd if=/dev/fd0 of=/dev/hda bs=512 count=1 restore MBR from backup copy saved to floppy   [man] # dump -0aj -f /tmp/home0.bak /home make a full backup of directory '/home'   [man] # dump -1aj -f /tmp/home0.bak /home make a incremental backup of directory '/home'   [man] # restore -if /tmp/home0.bak restoring a backup interactively   [man] # rsync -rogpav --delete /home /tmp synchronization between directories   [man] # rsync -rogpav -e ssh --delete /home ip_address:/tmp rsync via SSH tunnel   [man] # rsync -az -e ssh --delete ip_addr:/home/public /home/local synchronize a local directory with a remote directory via ssh and compression   [man] # rsync -az -e ssh --delete /home/local ip_addr:/home/public synchronize a remote directory with a local directory via ssh and compression   [man] # tar -Puf backup.tar /home/user make a incremental backup of directory '/home/user'   [man] # ( cd /tmp/local/ && tar c . ) | ssh -C user@ip_addr 'cd /home/share/ && tar x -p' copy content of a directory on remote directory via ssh   [man] # ( tar c /home ) | ssh -C user@ip_addr 'cd /home/backup-home && tar x -p' copy a local directory on remote directory via ssh   [man] # tar cf - . | (cd /tmp/backup ; tar xf - ) local copy preserving permits and links from a directory to another   [man]

CDROM Command Description # cd-paranoia -B rip audio tracks from a CD to wav files   [man] # cd-paranoia -- rip first three audio tracks from a CD to wav files   [man] # cdrecord -v gracetime=2 dev=/dev/cdrom -eject blank=fast -force clean a rewritable cdrom   [man] # cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom cd.iso burn an ISO image   [man] # gzip -dc cd_iso.gz | cdrecord dev=/dev/cdrom - burn a compressed ISO image   [man] # cdrecord --scanbus scan bus to identify the channel scsi   [man] # dd if=/dev/hdc | md5sum perform an md5sum on a device, like a CD   [man] # mkisofs /dev/cdrom > cd.iso create an iso image of cdrom on disk   [man] # mkisofs /dev/cdrom | gzip > cd_iso.gz create a compressed iso image of cdrom on disk   [man] # mkisofs -J -allow-leading-dots -R -V create an iso image of a directory   [man] # mount -o loop cd.iso /mnt/iso mount an ISO image   [man]

Networking (LAN / WiFi) Command Description # dhclient eth0 active interface 'eth0' in dhcp mode   [man] # ethtool eth0 show network statistics of eth0   [man] # host www.example.com lookup hostname to resolve name to ip address and viceversa   [man] # hostname show hostname of system   [man] # ifconfig eth0 show configuration of an ethernet network card   [man] # ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 configure IP Address   [man] # ifconfig eth0 promisc configure 'eth0' in promiscuous mode to gather packets (sniffing)   [man] # ifdown eth0 disable an interface 'eth0'   [man] # ifup eth0 activate an interface 'eth0'   [man] # ip link show show link status of all network interfaces   [man] # iwconfig eth1 show wireless networks   [man] # iwlist scan wifi scanning to display the wireless connections available   [man] # mii-tool eth0 show link status of 'eth0'   [man] # netstat -tup show all active network connections and their PID   [man] # netstat -tupl show all network services listening on the system and their PID   [man] # netstat -rn show routing table alike "route -n"   [man] # nslookup www.example.com lookup hostname to resolve name to ip address and viceversa   [man] # route -n show routing table   [man] # route add -net 0/0 gw IP_Gateway configure default gateway   [man] # route add -net 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.0.0 gw 192.168.1.1 configure static route to reach network '192.168.0.0/16'   [man] # route del 0/0 gw IP_gateway remove static route   [man] # echo "1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward activate ip routing temporarily   [man] # tcpdump tcp port 80 show all HTTP traffic   [man] # whois www.example.com lookup on Whois database   [man]

Microsoft Windows networks (samba) Command Description # mount -t smbfs -o username=user,password=pass //WinClient/share /mnt/share mount a windows network share   [man] # nbtscan ip_addr netbios name resolution   [man] # nmblookup -A ip_addr netbios name resolution   [man] # smbclient -L ip_addr/hostname show remote shares of a windows host   [man] # smbget -Rr smb://ip_addr/share like wget can download files from a host windows via smb   [man]

IPTABLES (firewall) Command Description # iptables -t filter -L show all chains of filtering table   [man] # iptables -t nat -L show all chains of nat table   [man] # iptables -t filter -F clear all rules from filtering table   [man] # iptables -t nat -F clear all rules from table nat   [man] # iptables -t filter -X delete any chains created by user   [man] # iptables -t filter -A INPUT -p tcp --dport telnet -j ACCEPT allow telnet connections to input   [man] # iptables -t filter -A OUTPUT -p tcp --dport http -j DROP block HTTP connections to output   [man] # iptables -t filter -A FORWARD -p tcp --dport pop3 -j ACCEPT allow POP3 connections to forward chain   [man] # iptables -t filter -A INPUT -j LOG --log-prefix Logging on input chain   [man] # iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE configure a PAT (Port Address Traslation) on eth0 masking outbound packets   [man] # iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -d 192.168.0.1 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 22 -j DNAT --to-destination 10.0.0.2:22 redirect packets addressed to a host to another host   [man]

Monitoring and debugging Command Description # free -m displays status of RAM in megabytes   [man] # kill -9 process_id force closure of the process and finish it   [man] # kill -1 process_id force a process to reload configuration   [man] # last reboot show history reboot   [man] # lsmod display kernel loaded   [man] # lsof -p process_id display a list of files opened by processes   [man] # lsof /home/user1 displays a list of open files in a given path system   [man] # ps -eafw displays linux tasks   [man] # ps -e -o pid,args --forest displays linux tasks in a hierarchical mode   [man] # pstree Shows a tree system processes   [man] # smartctl -A /dev/hda monitoring reliability of a hard-disk through SMART   [man] # smartctl -i /dev/hda check if SMART is active on a hard-disk   [man] # strace -c ls >/dev/null display system calls made and received by a process   [man] # strace -f -e open ls >/dev/null display library calls   [man] # tail /var/log/dmesg show events inherent to the process of booting kernel   [man] # tail /var/log/messages show system events   [man] # top display linux tasks using most cpu   [man] # watch -n1 'cat /proc/interrupts' display interrupts in real-time   [man]

Others useful commands Command Description # alias hh='history' set an alias for a command - hh = history   [man] # apropos ...keyword display a list of commands that pertain to keywords of a program , useful when you know what your program does, but you don't know the name of the command   [man] # chsh change shell command   [man] # chsh --list-shells nice command to know if you have to remote into another box   [man] # gpg -c file1 encrypt a file with GNU Privacy Guard   [man] # gpg file1.gpg decrypt a file with GNU Privacy Guard   [man] # ldd /usr/bin/ssh show shared libraries required by ssh program   [man] # man ping display the on-line manual pages for example on ping command - use '-k' option to find any related commands   [man] # mkbootdisk --device /dev/fd0 `uname -r` create a boot floppy   [man] # wget -r www.example.com download an entire web site   [man] # wget -c www.example.com/file.iso download a file with the ability to stop the download and resume later   [man] # echo 'wget -c www.example.com/files.iso' | at 09:00 start a download at any given time   [man] # whatis ...keyword displays description of what a program does   [man] # who -a show who is logged on, and print: time of last system boot, dead processes, system login processes, active processes spawned by init, current runlevel, last system clock change   [man reference : LinuxGuide.it .datadisk.uk.com

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With Reagards, Santhosh Kumar R Key words: Linux commands,Quick reference,CLI,Redhat.